分词作状语的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致的种种情况
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| 分词作状语的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致的种种情况 |
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作者:jackson.lee 转贴自:本站原创 点击数:1711 更新时间:2008-5-28 文章录入:fxzxyy
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英语中常把分词或分词短语放在句首,作时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随状况、结果、目的及让步等状语,分词或分词短语的逻辑主语必须与句中的主语相同(即保持一致),否则句子就是错误的。例如: 1.Entering the room ,I found the walls newly-painted.(对) 我走进房间时,发现墙壁油漆一新。 Entering the room,the first thing that met eyes was the newly-painted walls.(错) 2.Badly wounded the soldier was sent to hospital at once.(对) 士兵受了重伤,立即被送到医院。 Badly wounded,we sent the soldier to hospital at once.(错) 3.Being very busy,I could not afford the time to go to the cinema.(对) 我因为太忙,不能花时间去看电影了。 Being very busy,the film tickets were given to others.(错) 4.Led by the Party,we are making great progress in our work.(对) 在党的领导下,我们的工作有很大的进展。 Led by the Party,great progress in our work is being made.(错) 5.Written in haste,the letter had some mistakes.(对) 由于写得匆忙,这封信里有几个错误。 Written in haste,he made some mistakes in the letter.(错) 6.Running after each other in the street,the two boys were knocked down by a bike.(对) 两个男孩在马路上相互追逐的时候被自行车撞倒了。 Running after each other in the street,a bike knocked down the two boys.(错) 但在实际语言中,时常可以遇到分词或分词短语作状语时,其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致的现象,但整个句子的语法结构又是正确的情况,尤其是在科技作品和英美文学作品中很为普遍,这种分词在语法上称为游离分词(unattached participle)或称为无关分词(unrelated participle)或称为悬垂分词(dangling participle)。下面就来谈谈能够成立的情形: 一、在独立主格结构中,分词或分词短语的逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致。如: 1.The professor entered the lab,his students following him.(伴随状况) 那位教授走进实验室,学生们在后面跟着。 2.A few seconds later,he was looking at the screen again with the machinery turned on.(伴随状况) 几秒钟后,他开了机器,盯着荧光屏。 3.The day being very wet,Mary wore her new mackintosh.(原因状语) 因为这天是阴雨天气,玛丽穿上她的新雨衣。 4.The authorities having arrived and taken the seats reserved for them,the ceremony began.(时间状语) 在负责人到达并在为他们保留的座位上就座以后,典礼就开始了。 5.Weather permitting,the ship will leave the harbour at dawn.(条件状语) 如果天气不错的话,船将在黎明时离港。 6.He lay on his back,his knees drawn up.(方式状语) 他蜷着腿,仰面躺着。 二、只有一些分词或分词短语可用来表示说话人的态度或看问题的角度,这些分词或短语已转变为独立成份,含有"泛指"之意,在句中常作插入语,这时分词或分词短语的逻辑主语也可以不必和全句的主语保持一致。如: 1.Judging from his appearance,he looks like an old doctor. 从外表看,他像一位老医生。 2.Strictly speaking,her pronunciation is not quite good. 严格地说,她的发音不十分地道。 3.Taken as a whole,there is nothing wrong with the article. 总地来说,这篇文章没有什么问题。 4.Looking at the question objectively,what he said is something believable. 客观地看,他说的话还有些可信之处。 经常这样用的分词短语有: frankly speaking 老实地说,坦率地说 generally speaking 一般地说 strictly speaking 严格地说 properly speaking 确切地说来 talking or taken one with another 总地看来 taken as a whole 总地来说 这种分词短语可以说是一种句子状语,也可以看作是一个句子的独立成份。 三、有些现在分词和过去分词已具有介词或连词的性质,由它们组成的词组作状语时其逻辑主语和整个句子的主语不必保持一致。如: 1.He couldn't attend the meeting owing to illness. 他因病没能出席会议。 2.According to the text,please answer the following questions. 请按照课文的内容,回答下面问题。 3.The boy did quite well considering the circumstances. 考虑到具体情况,可以说这孩子干得很不错了。 4.Regarding the case,he knew nothing. 关于这件事,他一无所知。 经常这样用的分词有: admitting that(conj.confessing that,承认) assuming that(conj.if,假定) barring(prep.except,除……以外,除非) considering(prep.in view of...,having regard of...鉴于,就……而论)concerning(prep.about,关于) excepting(prep.&conj.leaving out,excluding, -often after not,always,without,除……之外,包括) failing(prep.in default of...,in the absence of...若缺少……时,如果没有) owing to(prep.because of...,on account of...,因为……,由于……)providing /provided that(conj.on condition that,假若,倘使) regarding(prep.with reference to...,about,关于,有关) seeing that(conj.in view of the fact that;considering,鉴于……的事实,由……的缘故) 上述诸词有些已完全变成了介词或连词。 四、在有些句子中,作状语的分词或分词短语的逻辑主语并不是整个句子的主语,而是包含在句子的另一个成份之中,大多数是宾语和定语。如: 1.Seeing her health sinking rapidly,alarm seized her father's heart. 她父亲看到她的健康状况急剧恶化,非常惊慌。(seeing的逻辑主语是heart的定语herfather) 2.His summer holidays were spent in the countryside,helping the farmers with their work. 他在乡下度过暑假,假期中帮助农民干活。(helping的逻辑主语是holiday的定语his) 3.Running to school,a terrible thought struck her. 跑到学校时,她突然产生了一个可怕的念头。(running的逻辑主语是struck的宾语her) 注: 1.若逻辑主语在句中根本没有出现,以上下文推测,常为泛指人称代词(we,you, one)等。如: Facing north,there is a large mountain on the right. 面向北方,右边有座大山。 2.其逻辑主语为整个句子,该分词短语相当于关系代词which引导的特殊定语从句。如: The bus was held up by the snowstorm, thus causing the delay. 公共汽车为大雪所阻,因而耽搁了。 First of all,this difficult problem has to be tackled,thus enabling us to proceed to the others. 首先这个难题必须解决,这样我们才能解决其它的问题。 五、如果句子的谓语是被动语态时,作状语的分词或分词短语的逻辑主语不是整个句子的主语,而是包含在由by引起的动作执行者或发出者中,尽管by引起的动作执行者大多不写出来。如: 1.Ideas can be expressed completely usingsimple sentence. 用简单的句子也可以表示出完整的意思来。(using的逻辑主语包含在by[没有写出来]之中) 2.Knowing as much as you do,the situation is easily explained. 像你这样了解情况,很容易解释这一局面。(knowing的逻辑主语包含在by[没有写出来]之中) 六、如果句子的主语是非人称代词it时,作状语用的分词或分词短语的逻辑主语也可不必与全句的主语保持一致。如: 1.It rained hard coming back.回来时雨下得很大。 (coming的逻辑主语显然不是句子的主语it) 2.It was quite hot getting up this morning.今天早晨起床时,天气非常热。 (getting up的逻辑主语显然不是句子的主语it) 此类句子过去被认为是不合语法的,不被多数人所承认,但语言总是随着时代的发展而发展,随着社会的进步而丰富。目前在美国和英国,此类句子已被普遍接受。 集合名词的主谓一致 1.单数—复数型 凡是有复数词尾变化形式的集合名词都属于此类。如:a class—classes;a family—families;a government—governments; an army—armies;a people—peoples;a group—groups;a crowd—crowds;a crew— crews等。这类集合名词强调的是整体性,即当作一个整体或多个整体来看待。此类集合名词的单数作主语时,谓语动词用单数;复数形式作主语时,谓语动词用复数。例如: A big crowd often gathers on the square every morning.每天早晨广场上都聚集一大群人。 The government has decided to pass the bill.政府已决定通过这个议案。 There are huge crowds in the streets on Sunday.星期天街上总是有大堆大堆的人。 There are many English-speaking peoples in the world.世界上有许多说英语的民族。 但应注意,这类集合名词的单数形式有时表示复数概念,所以这些集合名词的单数形式也可归为“单复同形型”中。 2.单数型 这类集合名词表示的是人或事物的整体,即把这类人或事物的全部包括在内,所以只有单数形式。如作主语,谓语动词常用单数。这类名词常见的有:humanity, mankind,proletariat等。例如: The proletariat is the greatest class in the history of mankind.无产阶级是人类历史上最伟大的阶级。 In the fields of production and scientific experiment,mankind makes constant progress.在生产和科学实验领域中,人类不断取得进步。 3.复合型 这类集合名词在形式和内容上是相互矛盾的,就是说它们只有单数形式,但表达的都是复数概念。它强调的是集体中的个体性。这类名词有:police,cattle,faculty, flock,machinery,vermin, personnel等。它们作主语时,谓语动词要用复数。例如: The police have caughtthe murder.警方已捕获了杀人犯。 Our personnel are very highly trained.我们的人员素质很高。 The vermin are very dangerous.这些害虫很危险。 4.单复同形型 这类集合名词的单数形式既可表示单数也可表示复数。作主语时,用单数动词或复数动词均可,有时意义区别不大。例如: The school teaching staff are(is)excellent.这个学校的教师阵容非常之强。 The public is(are)requested not to litter in the park。请公众不要在公园里乱扔弃物。 The teaching profession claim(s)to be badly paid.教师们声称工资低微。 这类集合名词常见的有:class,family, team,crew,board,herd,committee,party, jury,enemy,audience等。 根据说话人的心理意向若把这个集合名词所代表的人或事物看作一个整体,就认为是单数,用单数动词;若把它所代表的人或事物看作若干个个体的话,就认为其为复数,用复数动词。试比较: The football team is playing well.那个足球队打得非常漂亮。 The football team are having bath and are then coming back here for tea.足球队员们正在洗澡,然后来这里吃茶点。 The family is a very happy one.那个家庭是一个非常幸福的家庭。 That family are very pleased about the news of William’s success。全家人对威廉的成功都感到很高兴。 在使用这类集合名词时应特别注意的是,在一个句子中前后意义不可自相矛盾。例如: The class have chosen him its monitor. The class has chosen him their monitor. 第一句把class看成若干个个体,故与其相一致的物主代词应为their;第二句是把class看作一个整体,与其相一致的物主代词应为its。 2集合名词,也叫集体名词,是英语中表示某一群人或某一类物的集合体。集合名词的难点,主要在于其作主语时的主谓一致问题。 汉语谓语动词因为没有单复数之分,所以我国学生在学习英语的集合名词时,常常为谓语动词的单复数问题大伤脑筋。笔者结合自己的教学经验,查阅了大量资料,总结出几条规律,以飨读者。 一、某些有生命的集合名词(表示人或者动物),本身有单/复数之分。其为单数时,若作主语,则谓语可用单数/复数。主要依据说话者强调的重点而定,若强调许多个体,谓语用复数;若强调一个整体,则用单数。其为复数时,不言而喻,谓语必须用复数。注意:此类名词单复数的意义并不完全相同,汉译时一定要当心。如army(一国之军队),armies(多国部队);couple(一对夫妇),couples(多对夫妇);等。常见的此类集合名词有:army,association,audience,band,board,cast,clan,class,clique,club,college,committee,company,community,congregation(教民,会众),council(市议会,理事会),couple,crew,crowd,enemy,family,firm,fleet,flock,folk,gang,government,group,jury,kingdom ,mob(暴民,暴徒),navy,opposition,orchestra,pack,pair,party,personnel,profession,population,staff,school,team,tribe(部落,部民), union,university等。 1.The staff is/are hardworking. 2.The audience were moved to tears. 3.The lecturer draws large audiences. 4.The whole school was punished. 5.The class consists of 40 students. 6.This class are diligent. 7.The whole profession fight tooth andnail against it. 8.One tenth of the population of Egypt is/are Christian. 二、某些有生命的集合名词,本身无复数形式,作主语时,谓语通常用复数。常见的此类集合名词有:cattle,clergy,faculty(教职工), herd,mankind,military,militia(民团、民兵), people,police,poultry(家禽),swine(猪),vermin,womankind等。 9.There are three people waving at us. 10.The police haven't arrived yet. 11.There are verm in here. 12.Some people are never satisfied. 13.The police/military have surrounded the building. 【注】people作民族讲时有复数形式。如: There are 56 peoples in China. 三、某些有生命的集合名词,本身无复数形式,其后可跟单/复数谓语动词。常见的此类集合名词有:aristocracy,bourgeoisie(资产阶级),church,elite(精英),gentry,intelligentsia(知识分子),laity(外行),livestock,majority,minority,proletariat(无产阶级),offspring,public,swarm,youth等。 14.The youth today is /are better off than we used to be. 15.Her offspring is /are like her in every respect. 16.The intelligentsia are hailing Ranson as their spokesman. 【注】youth除了作集合名词以外,还可以作可数和不可数名词。如: Youth is the tim e for action;age is the tim e for repose. Som e youths don't like jazz. 四、某些表示国家、公司、机构、运动队等名称的专有名词也可当作集合名词使用,其后通常跟单/复数谓语动词。常见的此类集合名词有:Arsenal,BBC,Congress,Krem lin, Liverpool,Macm illan,Netherlands,Parliament,Pentagon,Vatican(梵蒂冈),White House等。 17.Arsenal is /are playing well in this season. 18.Macmillan have /has made a good profit this year. 19.The Seventy-First Congress was predominantly Republican. 20.The Netherlands has /have a monarchy. 21.The BBC is showing the program on Saturday. 22.Liverpool is leading 1—0. 23.Liverpool are attacking again. 五、某些无生命的集合名词(表示物)作主语时,通常被看成不可数名词,谓语用单数。常见的此类集合名词有:aircraft,baggage, clothing,crockery,cutlery(刀剪,餐具),equipment,foliage(树叶),footwear,furniture,glassware,hardware,hosiery,jewellery,luggage,machinery,merchandize,poetry,pottery,silverware,stationery,underclothing,underwear,vegetation,weaponry等。24.All the furniture in my room is new. 25.The merchandize has arrived undamaged. 26.There is not much vegetation in deserts. 27.The equipment for the factory hasbeen shipped. 28.Warm clothing is necessary in cold climates. 29.The machinery is driven by electrici-ty. 【过关演练】用括号内动词的适当形式填空。 1.The staff __________(have)gone for their lunch. 2.The crews of several ships __________(be)in port. 3.The present government,which hasn't been in power long,__________(be)trying to control inflation.It isn't having much success. 4.The government,who __________(be) looking for a quick victory,are calling for a general election soon. 5.The jury __________(be)divided in opinion. 6.The committee __________(have)held its first m eeting. 7.Almost every family in this village __________(have)a man in the army. 8.The whole family __________(be)in tears. 9.The poultry __________(be)being fed. 10.The Kremlin __________(have)refused to accept the plan proposed by America. 答案: 1. have 2.were 3.is 4.are 5.were 6.has 7.has 8.are 9.are /were 10.has /have |
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